Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are/have/utilizing a promising technology for wastewater treatment due to their high removal efficiency and compact design. PVDF hollow fiber membranes serve as/function as/act as the key separation element in MBRs, facilitating the separation/filtration/removal of suspended solids and microorganisms from wastewater. The

Nanobubbles, intriguing entities with unique physicochemical characteristics, have garnered significant interest in recent times. These microscopic voids of gas entrapped within a solution exhibit remarkable stability and impact various reactions in diverse domains. Generating and characterizing nanobubbles remains a complex endeavor, requiring sop